6. 模块 Modules

If you quit from the Python interpreter and enter it again, the definitions you have made (functions and variables) are lost. Therefore, if you want to write a somewhat longer program, you are better off using a text editor to prepare the input for the interpreter and running it with that file as input instead. This is known as creating a script. As your program gets longer, you may want to split it into several files for easier maintenance. You may also want to use a handy function that you've written in several programs without copying its definition into each program.

如果你退出Python解释器重新进入，以前创建的一切定义（变量和函数）就全部丢失了。因此，如果你想写一些长久保存的程序，最好使用一个文本编辑器来编写程序，把保存好的文件输入解释器。我们称之为创建一个脚本。程序变得更长一些了，你可能为了方便维护而把它分离成几个文件。你也可能想要在几个程序中都使用一个常用的函数，但是不想把它的定义复制到每一个程序里。

To support this, Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in a script or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a module; definitions from a module can be imported into other modules or into the main module (the collection of variables that you have access to in a script executed at the top level and in calculator mode).

为了满足这些需要，Python提供了一个方法可以从文件中获取定义，在脚本或者解释器的一个交互式实例中使用。这样的文件被称为模块；模块中的定义可以导入到另一个模块或主模块中（在脚本执行时可以调用的变量集位于最高级，并且处于计算器模式）

A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. The file name is the module name with the suffix .py appended. Within a module, the module's name (as a string) is available as the value of the global variable __name__. For instance, use your favorite text editor to create a file called fibo.py in the current directory with the following contents:

模块是包括Python定义和声明的文件。文件名就是模块名加上 .py 后缀。模块的模块名（做为一个字符串）可以由全局变量 __name__ 得到。例如，你可以用自己惯用的文件编辑器在当前目录下创建一个叫 fibo.py 的文件，录入如下内容：

# Fibonacci numbers module

def fib(n):    # write Fibonacci series up to n
    a, b = 0, 1
    while b < n:
        print b,
        a, b = b, a+b

def fib2(n): # return Fibonacci series up to n
    result = []
    a, b = 0, 1
    while b < n:
        result.append(b)
        a, b = b, a+b
    return result

Now enter the Python interpreter and import this module with the following command:

>>> import fibo

This does not enter the names of the functions defined in fibo directly in the current symbol table; it only enters the module name fibo there. Using the module name you can access the functions:

这样做不会直接把 fibo 中的函数导入当前的语义表；，它只是引入了模块名 fibo 。你可以通过模块名按如下方式访问这个函数：

>>> fibo.fib(1000)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
>>> fibo.fib2(100)
[1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]
>>> fibo.__name__
'fibo'

>>> fib = fibo.fib
>>> fib(500)
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377