5.1.3 函数化编程工具 Functional Programming Tools

There are three built-in functions that are very useful when used with lists: filter(), map(), and reduce().

对于链表来讲，有三个内置函数非常有用：filter()， map()，和 reduce()。

"filter(function, sequence)" returns a sequence (of the same type, if possible) consisting of those items from the sequence for which function(item) is true. For example, to compute some primes:

"filter(function, sequence)"返回一个序列（sequence），包括了给定序列中所有调用function(item)后返回值为true的元素。（如果可能的话，会返回相同的类型）。例如，以下程序可以计算部分素数：

>>> def f(x): return x % 2 != 0 and x % 3 != 0
...
>>> filter(f, range(2, 25))
[5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23]

"map(function, sequence)" calls function(item) for each of the sequence's items and returns a list of the return values. For example, to compute some cubes:

"map(function, sequence)" 为每一个元素依次调用 function(item) 并将返回值组成一个链表返回。例如，以下程序计算立方：

>>> def cube(x): return x*x*x
...
>>> map(cube, range(1, 11))
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000]

More than one sequence may be passed; the function must then have as many arguments as there are sequences and is called with the corresponding item from each sequence (or None if some sequence is shorter than another). For example:

可以传入多个序列，函数也必须要有对应数量的参数，执行时会依次用各序列上对应的元素来调用函数（如果某些序列比其它的短，就用None来代替）。如果把None做为一个函数传入，则直接返回参数做为替代。组合这两种情况，我们会发现“map(None, list1, list2)”是把一对序列变成元素对序列的便捷方式。例如：

>>> seq = range(8)
>>> def add(x, y): return x+y
...
>>> map(add, seq, seq)
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14]

"reduce(func, sequence)" returns a single value constructed by calling the binary function func on the first two items of the sequence, then on the result and the next item, and so on. For example, to compute the sum of the numbers 1 through 10:

"reduce(func, sequence)"返回一个单值，它是这样构造的：首先以序列的前两个元素调用函数，再以返回值和第三个参数调用，依次执行下去。例如，以下程序计算1到10的整数之和：

>>> def add(x,y): return x+y
...
>>> reduce(add, range(1, 11))
55

If there's only one item in the sequence, its value is returned; if the sequence is empty, an exception is raised.

如果序列中只有一个元素，就返回它，如果序列是空的，就抛出一个异常。

A third argument can be passed to indicate the starting value. In this case the starting value is returned for an empty sequence, and the function is first applied to the starting value and the first sequence item, then to the result and the next item, and so on. For example,

可以传入第三个参数做为初始值。如果序列是空的，就返回初始值，否则函数会先接收初始值和序列的第一个元素，然后是返回值和下一个元素，依此类推。例如：

>>> def sum(seq):
...     def add(x,y): return x+y
...     return reduce(add, seq, 0)
...
>>> sum(range(1, 11))
55
>>> sum([])
0

Don't use this example's definition of sum(): since summing numbers is such a common need, a built-in function sum(sequence) is already provided, and works exactly like this. New in version 2.3.

不要像示例中这样定义 sum()：因为合计数值是一个通用的需求，在2.3版中，提供了内置的 sum(sequence) 函数。 New in version 2.3.