7.1 设计输出格式 Fancier Output Formatting

So far we've encountered two ways of writing values: expression statements and the print statement. (A third way is using the write() method of file objects; the standard output file can be referenced as sys.stdout. See the Library Reference for more information on this.)

我们有两种大相径庭的输出值方法：表达式语句和 print 语句。（第三种访求是使用文件对象的 write() 方法，标准文件输出可以参考 sys.stdout 。详细内容参见库参考手册。）

Often you'll want more control over the formatting of your output than simply printing space-separated values. There are two ways to format your output; the first way is to do all the string handling yourself; using string slicing and concatenation operations you can create any lay-out you can imagine. The standard module stringcontains some useful operations for padding strings to a given column width; these will be discussed shortly. The second way is to use the % operator with a string as the left argument. The % operator interprets the left argument much like a sprintf()-style format string to be applied to the right argument, and returns the string resulting from this formatting operation.

可能你经常想要对输出格式做一些比简单的打印空格分隔符更为复杂的控制。有两种方法可以格式化输出。第一种是由你来控制整个字符串，使用字符切片和联接操作就可以创建出任何你想要的输出形式。标准模块 string包括了一些操作，将字符串填充入给定列时，这些操作很有用。随后我们会讨论这部分内容。第二种方法是使用 % 操作符，以某个字符串做为其左参数。 % 操作符将左参数解释为类似于 sprintf() 风格的格式字符串，并作用于右参数，从该操作中返回格式化的字符串。

One question remains, of course: how do you convert values to strings? Luckily, Python has ways to convert any value to a string: pass it to the repr() or str() functions. Reverse quotes (``) are equivalent to repr(), but their use is discouraged.

当然，还有一个问题，如何将（不同的）值转化为字符串？很幸运，Python总是把任意值传入 repr() 或 str() 函数，转为字符串。相对而言引号 (``) 等价于repr()，不过不提倡这样用。

The str() function is meant to return representations of values which are fairly human-readable, while repr() is meant to generate representations which can be read by the interpreter (or will force a SyntaxError if there is not equivalent syntax). For objects which don't have a particular representation for human consumption, str() will return the same value as repr(). Many values, such as numbers or structures like lists and dictionaries, have the same representation using either function. Strings and floating point numbers, in particular, have two distinct representations.

函数 str() 用于将值转化为适于人阅读的形式，而 repr() 转化为供解释器读取的形式（如果没有等价的语法，则会发生 SyntaxError 异常）某对象没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话， str() 会返回与 repr() 等同的值。很多类型，诸如数值或链表、字典这样的结构，针对各函数都有着统一的解读方式。字符串和浮点数，有着独特的解读方式。

>>> s = 'Hello, world.'
>>> str(s)
'Hello, world.'
>>> repr(s)
"'Hello, world.'"
>>> str(0.1)
'0.1'
>>> repr(0.1)
'0.10000000000000001'
>>> x = 10 * 3.25
>>> y = 200 * 200
>>> s = 'The value of x is ' + repr(x) + ', and y is ' + repr(y) + '...'
>>> print s
The value of x is 32.5, and y is 40000...
>>> # The repr() of a string adds string quotes and backslashes:
... hello = 'hello, world\n'
>>> hellos = repr(hello)
>>> print hellos
'hello, world\n'
>>> # The argument to repr() may be any Python object:
... repr((x, y, ('spam', 'eggs')))
"(32.5, 40000, ('spam', 'eggs'))"
>>> # reverse quotes are convenient in interactive sessions:
... `x, y, ('spam', 'eggs')`
"(32.5, 40000, ('spam', 'eggs'))"

>>> for x in range(1, 11):
...     print repr(x).rjust(2), repr(x*x).rjust(3),
...     # Note trailing comma on previous line
...     print repr(x*x*x).rjust(4)
...
 1   1    1
 2   4    8
 3   9   27
 4  16   64
 5  25  125
 6  36  216
 7  49  343
 8  64  512
 9  81  729
10 100 1000
>>> for x in range(1,11):
...     print '%2d %3d %4d' % (x, x*x, x*x*x)
...
 1   1    1
 2   4    8
 3   9   27
 4  16   64
 5  25  125
 6  36  216
 7  49  343
 8  64  512
 9  81  729
10 100 1000

(Note that one space between each column was added by the way print works: it always adds spaces between its arguments.)

（需要注意的是使用 print 方法时每两列之间有一个空格：它总是在参数之间加一个空格。）

This example demonstrates the rjust() method of string objects, which right-justifies a string in a field of a given width by padding it with spaces on the left. There are similar methods ljust() and center(). These methods do not write anything, they just return a new string. If the input string is too long, they don't truncate it, but return it unchanged; this will mess up your column lay-out but that's usually better than the alternative, which would be lying about a value. (If you really want truncation you can always add a slice operation, as in "x.ljust( n)[:n]".)

以上是一个 rjust() 函数的演示，这个函数把字符串输出到一列，并通过向左侧填充空格来使其右对齐。类似的函数还有 ljust() 和 center()。这些函数只是输出新的字符串，并不改变什么。如果输出的字符串太长，它们也不会截断它，而是原样输出，这会使你的输出格式变得混乱，不过总强过另一种选择（截断字符串），因为那样会产生错误的输出值。（如果你确实需要截断它，可以使用切片操作，例如：" "x.ljust( n)[:n]"。）

There is another method, zfill(), which pads a numeric string on the left with zeros. It understands about plus and minus signs:

还有一个函数， zfill() 它用于向数值的字符串表达左侧填充0。该函数可以正确理解正负号：

>>> '12'.zfill(5)
'00012'
>>> '-3.14'.zfill(7)
'-003.14'
>>> '3.14159265359'.zfill(5)
'3.14159265359'

>>> import math
>>> print 'The value of PI is approximately %5.3f.' % math.pi
The value of PI is approximately 3.142.

If there is more than one format in the string, you need to pass a tuple as right operand, as in this example:

如果有超过一个的字符串要格式化为一体，就需要将它们传入一个元组做为右值，如下所示：

>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 7678}
>>> for name, phone in table.items():
...     print '%-10s ==> %10d' % (name, phone)
...
Jack       ==>       4098
Dcab       ==>       7678
Sjoerd     ==>       4127

Most formats work exactly as in C and require that you pass the proper type; however, if you don't you get an exception, not a core dump. The %s format is more relaxed: if the corresponding argument is not a string object, it is converted to string using the str() built-in function. Using * to pass the width or precision in as a separate (integer) argument is supported. The C formats %n and %p are not supported.

大多数类 C 的格式化操作都需要你传入适当的类型，不过如果你没有定义异常，也不会有什么从内核中主动的弹出来。（however, if you don't you get an exception, not a core dump）使用 %s 格式会更轻松些：如果对应的参数不是字符串，它会通过内置的 str() 函数转化为字符串。Python支持用 * 作为一个隔离（整型的）参数来传递宽度或精度。Python不支持C的 %n 和 %p 操作符。

If you have a really long format string that you don't want to split up, it would be nice if you could reference the variables to be formatted by name instead of by position. This can be done by using form %(name)format, as shown here:

如果可以逐点引用要格式化的变量名，就可以产生符合真实长度的格式化字符串，不会产生间隔。这一效果可以通过使用 form %(name)format 结构来实现：

>>> table = {'Sjoerd': 4127, 'Jack': 4098, 'Dcab': 8637678}
>>> print 'Jack: %(Jack)d; Sjoerd: %(Sjoerd)d; Dcab: %(Dcab)d' % table
Jack: 4098; Sjoerd: 4127; Dcab: 8637678

This is particularly useful in combination with the new built-in vars() function, which returns a dictionary containing all local variables.

这个技巧在与新的内置函数 vars() 组合使用时非常有用，该函数返回一个包含所有局部变量的字典。