3.3.8 强制规则: Coercion rules

This section used to document the rules for coercion. As the language has evolved, the coercion rules have become hard to document precisely; documenting what one version of one particular implementation does is undesirable. Instead, here are some informal guidelines regarding coercion. In Python 3.0, coercion will not be supported.

If the left operand of a % operator is a string or Unicode object, no coercion takes place and the string formatting operation is invoked instead.
It is no longer recommended to define a coercion operation. Mixed-mode operations on types that don't define coercion pass the original arguments to the operation.
New-style classes (those derived from object) never invoke the __coerce__() method in response to a binary operator; the only time __coerce__() is invoked is when the built-in function coerce() is called.
For most intents and purposes, an operator that returns NotImplemented is treated the same as one that is not implemented at all.
Below, __op__() and __rop__() are used to signify the generic method names corresponding to an operator; __iop__ is used for the corresponding in-place operator. For example, for the operator `+', __add__() and __radd__() are used for the left and right variant of the binary operator, and __iadd__ for the in-place variant.
For objects x and y, first x.__op__(y) is tried. If this is not implemented or returns NotImplemented, y.__rop__(x) is tried. If this is also not implemented or returns NotImplemented, a TypeError exception is raised. But see the following exception:
Exception to the previous item: if the left operand is an instance of a built-in type or a new-style class, and the right operand is an instance of a proper subclass of that type or class, the right operand's __rop__() method is tried before the left operand's __op__() method. This is done so that a subclass can completely override binary operators. Otherwise, the left operand's __op__ method would always accept the right operand: when an instance of a given class is expected, an instance of a subclass of that class is always acceptable.
When either operand type defines a coercion, this coercion is called before that type's __op__() or __rop__() method is called, but no sooner. If the coercion returns an object of a different type for the operand whose coercion is invoked, part of the process is redone using the new object.
When an in-place operator (like `+=') is used, if the left operand implements __iop__(), it is invoked without any coercion. When the operation falls back to __op__() and/or __rop__(), the normal coercion rules apply.
In x+y, if x is a sequence that implements sequence concatenation, sequence concatenation is invoked.
In x*y, if one operator is a sequence that implements sequence repetition, and the other is an integer (int or long), sequence repetition is invoked.
Rich comparisons (implemented by methods __eq__() and so on) never use coercion. Three-way comparison (implemented by __cmp__()) does use coercion under the same conditions as other binary operations use it.
In the current implementation, the built-in numeric types int, long and float do not use coercion; the type complex however does use it. The difference can become apparent when subclassing these types. Over time, the type complex may be fixed to avoid coercion. All these types implement a __coerce__() method, for use by the built-in coerce() function.

0. 如果x是串对象,并且op是取模运算符(

1. 如果x是一个类实例:

1a. 如果x有__coerce__()方法:就用x.__coerce__(y)返回的二元组的值替换x和y. 如果它返回None则跳过步骤2.

1b. 如果x或y在强制转换后都不是类实例了, 转到步骤3.

1c. 如果x有方法__op__(), 返回x.__op__(y);否则恢复步骤1a之前的x和y的值.

2a. 如果y有__coerce__()方法:就用y.__coerce__(x)返回的二元组的值替换y和x. 如果它返回None则跳过步骤2.

2b. 如果x或y在强制转换后都不是类实例了, 转到步骤3.

2b. 如果y有方法__rop__(), 返回y.__rop__(x);否则恢复步骤2a之前的x和y的值.

3. 仅仅在x和y都不是类实例时, 才会执行到这一步.

3a. 如果op为+并且x是一个有序类型, 那么就执行有序类型的连接操作.

3b. 如果op为*并且一个操作数为有序类型, 另一个是整数, 就执行有序类型重复操作.

3c. 否则, 两个操作数必须是数值型的; 它们尽可能地强制转换成通用类型, 并且为该类型调用数值运算符.